US History From a Brasilian's Perspective

Once again, shorthands for the short hand deprived:
G - Germany *** LN - League of Nations *** esp - especially *** b/w - between
Am - America *** B - British/Britain *** ME - Middle East *** gov't - government
F - France *** Jap - Japan *** Rus - Russia *** Sec - secretary
a.t.t. - according to the text *** ppl - people



23. US = rejects the Treaty of Versailles (remember bed-ridden president not letting Congres agree until all the Repulican add-ons were taken off?) therefore, the US was technically still at war with G, Austria, and Hungary.... ~> Peace finally achieved in July 1921 with Congress passing a joint resolution stating that the war had ended (756)

24. Harding + senate "irreconcibales" = remain against LN ~> finally send "observers" to Geneva, Switzerland because the new group, esp with the coming out of a World Health program, was too important to ignore and the US couldn't be left out (756)

25. Harding + isolationists = unable to dig themselves in a whole and block out the world because of the rising OIL (which was recognized as part of WWI victory -> Am wants to build up its store) CONCESSION argument and rivalry b/w Am and B, esp in the ME (756)

26. Harding = takes initiative on international issue of disarmament -> businesspeople clamor about paying for increased naval buildup and pressure the gov't to end it(757)

27. "Disarmament" Conference (1921-1922)
- invitees: all major naval powers (F, B, Italy, Jap)
- non-invitees: Bolshevik Rus -> their gov't was not recognized officially by the US
- goals: 1. naval disarmament & 2.Far East situation - rising power of Jap, Open Door in China, Philippines, etc (757)

28. Sec of State: Hughes - propses 10-yr break from all naval building, scraping of some already-built ships, and a battleship/plane equality ratio of 5(Am):5(B):3(Jap) ~> insults Jap by making them feel like they got a Ford instead of a Rolls-Royce (757)

Reminds me of duck-duck-goose..... You REALLY wanna be the duck...

29. Washington Conference foreign policy outcomes:
- B + AM = promise to not fortify East possession, including the Philippines
- 5-Power Naval Treaty: embodied ship ratios with compensations to Jap
- 4-Power Treaty (replacement of Anglo-Jap alliance) - US, B, F, + Jap = promise to preserve pacific status quo
- 9-Power Treaty (1922): agreement to uphold the Open Door to China completely (757)

30. Diplomatic shortcomings of conference:
- no restrictions on small warships -> US lags behind
- US refuses to use armed forces to commit to the 4-Power Treaty, rendering it toothless (757 - 758)

31. Am ppl = continues to "omniously" believe that they were safe with wishful thinking and promises rather than weapons and realism (758)

32. Am public = call for "outlawing" of war -> underlying convitcion that pressured gov't to sign the Kellogg-Briand (F) Pact(1928) -> technically ended "agressive" war; ratified by 62 nations (758)


33. Pact -> still permitted defensive wars (758)

34. a.t.t, Kellogg-Briand pact = reflect Am willingness to be lured into a false sense of security ~> this mindset continued and got worse in 1930s with ostrich-like neutralism (758)